Why Does Socializing Feel So Exhausting? The Neuroscience of Depression, Emotional Fatigue, and the Hidden Cost of Connection
Why Does Socializing Feel So Exhausting? The Neuroscience of Depression, Emotional Fatigue, and the Hidden Cost of Connection
Why does depression make socializing feel exhausting? Discover the neuroscience behind depression, emotional fatigue, low energy, and social withdrawal, and learn how trauma-informed therapy, nervous system regulation, and meaningful connection can support recovery.
You used to enjoy spending time with friends. Now, even answering a text message feels overwhelming. You cancel plans at the last minute, not because you do not care, but because you simply cannot imagine finding the energy to engage. The thought of making conversation, smiling politely, or deciding what to wear feels surprisingly draining. Then the guilt sets in.
You wonder:
“Why am I avoiding people I love?”
“Am I becoming antisocial?”
“Why does everyone else seem to have energy for this except me?”
“Is something wrong with me?”
If you struggle with depression, trauma, chronic stress, or nervous system dysregulation, social exhaustion is not uncommon. In fact, what may look like isolation from the outside is often the result of a brain and body working incredibly hard simply to make it through the day.
Depression Does Not Just Affect Mood
One of the biggest misconceptions about depression is that it is simply prolonged sadness. Depression often affects motivation, concentration, memory, decision making, physical energy, sleep, appetite, and the ability to experience pleasure. Many individuals describe it less as feeling sad and more as feeling emotionally and physically depleted. Research has shown that major depressive disorder is associated with alterations in motivation, reward processing, cognitive function, and psychomotor activity, all of which can make even ordinary tasks feel effortful (Cléry-Melin et al., 2019).
Why Being Around People Can Feel So Draining
Social interaction requires remarkable neurological coordination.
Your brain is constantly:
— Reading facial expressions
— Interpreting tone of voice
— Monitoring social cues
— Regulating emotions
— Generating responses
— Suppressing distractions
— Tracking conversations
— Managing self-awareness
When depression is present, these processes may require significantly more effort. What once felt natural can begin to feel like running a marathon.
The Brain Conserves Energy
From a neuroscience perspective, depression may involve changes in brain networks responsible for motivation, reward, attention, and executive functioning. When these systems are affected, the brain often shifts into energy conservation. This is one reason everyday activities such as showering, grocery shopping, returning messages, or attending social gatherings may feel disproportionately exhausting. The issue is rarely laziness. It is often reduced access to cognitive and emotional resources.
Social Withdrawal Can Become a Painful Cycle
Ironically, while depression often leads people to withdraw, meaningful social connection is one of the factors associated with psychological resilience and emotional well-being.
The cycle frequently looks like this:
Depression leads to low energy. Low energy leads to canceled plans. Canceled plans increase isolation. Isolation intensifies loneliness. Loneliness deepens depressive symptoms. Over time, individuals may begin to believe they no longer belong or that others would be better off without them, despite evidence to the contrary.
Trauma Can Intensify Social Fatigue
For individuals with unresolved trauma or attachment wounds, social interaction may involve additional hidden labor. You may unconsciously monitor whether others are judging you. You may scan for rejection or conflict. You may overthink every conversationafterward. You may work hard to appear “fine” even while struggling internally. This constant vigilance consumes mental and physiological resources. What appears to others as introversion may actually reflect nervous system activation.
Masking Is Exhausting
Many people living with depression become experts at masking. They smile. They make jokes. They appear successful. Then they return home completely depleted. Masking requires suppressing internal experiences while presenting a socially acceptable version of oneself. Over time, this disconnect between internal reality and external presentation can increase emotional fatigue.
The Nervous System and Social Engagement
According to Polyvagal Theory, feelings of safety play an important role in social engagement. When the nervous system perceives safety, individuals are more likely to connect, communicate, and remain emotionally present. When the body detects threat, even subtle interpersonal stressors can trigger withdrawal, shutdown, or avoidance. For some people, depression is accompanied by a physiological state that makes connection feel effortful rather than restorative.
Why You Might Want Connection but Avoid It Anyway
Many people with depression experience a confusing contradiction. They desperately want closeness. They simply lack the energy to pursue it. This discrepancy often creates shame. Friends may interpret canceled plans as disinterest. Family members may assume avoidance reflects indifference. In reality, the individual may care deeply while struggling with profound emotional fatigue.
The Difference Between Solitude and Isolation
Choosing occasional solitude can be healthy. Isolation driven by hopelessness, fear, or depletion is different. Healthy solitude restores. Depression-driven withdrawal often leaves people feeling even more disconnected from themselves and others. Recognizing this distinction can help reduce self-criticism and encourage intentional choices about connection.
What Actually Helps?
Well-meaning advice such as "just get out more" rarely addresses the underlying problem. Instead, recovery often involves gradually increasing experiences of manageable, meaningful connection while simultaneously addressing the biological, emotional, and relational factors contributing to depression.
Helpful interventions may include:
—Trauma-informed psychotherapy
— EMDR
— Nervous system regulation
— Behavioral activation
— Sleep optimization
— Movement appropriate to one's capacity
— Compassionate social support
Importantly, quality of connection often matters more than quantity. One emotionally safe conversation may be more restorative than attending a crowded event.
Give Yourself Permission to Start Small
If socializing feels overwhelming, consider lowering the threshold.
Perhaps connection today looks like:
— Sending one text message
— Meeting a trusted friend for coffee
— Taking a brief walk with someone you love
— Having a ten-minute phone call
— Sitting quietly with another person without pressure to entertain
These moments still count.
How Embodied Wellness and Recovery Can Help
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we recognize that depression is not simply a disorder of mood. It often reflects complex interactions among trauma, attachment experiences, nervous system dysregulation, relationships, and the body itself.
Our clinicians integrate somatic therapy, EMDR, neuroscience-informed psychotherapy, attachment-focused care, and evidence-based interventions to help clients better understand the roots of emotional exhaustion while strengthening resilience, connection, and self-compassion. We also specialize in relationship challenges, sexuality, intimacy, and trauma recovery, recognizing that meaningful healing often occurs within safe and attuned relationships.
Because forcing yourself to be more social is rarely the answer. Understanding why connection feels so difficult and helping your nervous system experience safety again can create space for relationships to become nourishing rather than depleting. And sometimes, the most courageous social step is simply allowing another person to sit beside you exactly as you are.
Reach out to schedule a complimentary 20-minute consultation with our team of therapists, trauma specialists, somatic practitioners, or relationship experts, and start working towards integrative, embodied healing today.
📞 Call us at (310) 651-8458
📱 Text us at (310) 210-7934
📩 Email us at admin@embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
🔗 Visit us at www.embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
👉 Check us out on Instagram @embodied_wellness_and_recovery
🌍 Explore our offerings at Linktr.ee: https://linktr.ee/laurendummit
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.).
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. W. W. Norton & Company.
Cléry-Melin, M. L., Jollant, F., & Gorwood, P. (2019). Reward systems and cognitions in Major Depressive Disorder. CNS spectrums, 24(1), 64-77
Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3027
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
Authenticity Anxiety: Why Being Your True Self Feels Both Liberating and Scary (And What Neuroscience Reveals About the Fear of Rejection)
Authenticity Anxiety: Why Being Your True Self Feels Both Liberating and Scary (And What Neuroscience Reveals About the Fear of Rejection)
Why does being authentic feel so vulnerable? Learn the neuroscience behind authenticity, fear of rejection, people-pleasing, and self-expression. Discover how nervous system regulation, attachment healing, and self-trust can help you live more authentically and build deeper relationships.
The Paradox of Authenticity
Most people say they want to be authentic. They want to express their true thoughts, feelings, values, preferences, needs, and desires without constantly worrying about what others think. Yet when the opportunity arises to actually be authentic, many people experience anxiety.
Their stomach tightens. Their heart races. They hesitate. They second-guess themselves.
They wonder:
— What if people don't like the real me?
— What if I disappoint someone?
— What if I lose the relationship?
— What if I am judged?
— What if people think I'm selfish?
— What if being myself pushes people away?
Authenticity is often described as freedom. And it is, but authenticity can also feel frightening. In fact, from a neuroscience and attachment perspective, there are good reasons why being your true self may feel both liberating and terrifying at the same time.
Why Authenticity Feels So Good
Authenticity is often associated with psychological well-being, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and healthier relationships. Research suggests that individuals who experience greater authenticity tend to report higher levels of well-being, stronger interpersonal relationships, and greater emotional resilience (Wood et al., 2008).
Why?
Because authenticity reduces the exhausting burden of managing multiple versions of yourself.
When you are authentic:
— You spend less energy performing.
— You experience greater self-trust.
— Your relationships become more genuine.
— You feel more aligned with your values.
— Emotional intimacy becomes possible.
There is a profound relief that comes from no longer constantly asking:
"Who do I need to be for everyone else?"
Instead, authenticity allows you to ask:
"Who am I?"
Why Authenticity Feels So Scary
If authenticity feels healthy, why does it create so much anxiety? The answer often lies in our evolutionary history. Human beings evolved in groups. Belonging increased the likelihood of survival. Rejection threatened it.
Research has demonstrated that social rejection activates many of the same neural networks associated with physical pain (Eisenberger et al., 2003). The brain does not treat rejection as a minor inconvenience. It often experiences it as a threat. When authenticity carries even a small possibility of rejection, the nervous system may respond accordingly.
The fear is not simply:
"What if they disagree?"
The deeper fear is often:
"What if I lose connection?"
The Attachment Roots of Authenticity Anxiety
For many people, authenticity was not consistently welcomed during childhood. Perhaps expressing emotions resulted in criticism. Maybe setting boundaries led to punishment. Perhaps individuality was discouraged. Some children learn that acceptance depends upon compliance. Others learn that love feels safer when they prioritize other people's needs over their own.
Over time, they develop strategies designed to preserve connection:
— Perfectionism
— Caretaking
— Conflict avoidance
— Emotional suppression
— Shape-shifting to fit different environments
These strategies often begin as adaptive responses. The problem occurs when they continue long after the original circumstances have changed. Adults may find themselves automatically prioritizing acceptance over authenticity.
When Being Liked Becomes More Important Than Being Known
Many people spend years becoming highly skilled at being liked. They become agreeable, helpful, accommodating, easy-going, adaptable, yet beneath these qualities may be a painful question:
"Would people still choose me if they knew what I really think, feel, want, or need?"
This question sits at the heart of authenticity anxiety. Because being liked and being known are not always the same thing. Someone can like a carefully edited version of you. True intimacy requires something deeper. It requires being seen, and being seen always involves vulnerability.
The Neuroscience of Self-Censorship
The brain constantly evaluates social safety. When authenticity feels risky, the nervous system may activate protective responses.
You might:
— Stay silent instead of speaking up.
— Agree when you actually disagree.
— Hide preferences.
— Avoid setting boundaries.
— Minimize your accomplishments.
— Suppress emotions.
— Avoid difficult conversations.
From the outside, these behaviors may appear harmless.
Internally, however, chronic self-censorship often creates:
— Anxiety
— Resentment
— Emotional exhaustion
— Identity confusion
— Relationship dissatisfaction
— Disconnection from self
Over time, many people begin feeling disconnected not only from others, but from themselves.
Authenticity Does Not Mean Oversharing
One common misconception is that authenticity requires complete transparency. It does not. Healthy authenticity involves discernment.
Being authentic does not mean:
— Sharing every thought
—Ignoring boundaries
— Being impulsively honest
— Expressing emotions without regulation
Authenticity means your external behavior is increasingly aligned with your internal reality. You can be authentic and private, authentic and professional, authentic and boundaries. Authenticity is not about saying everything. It is about not abandoning yourself.
The Hidden Cost of Inauthenticity
Many individuals become so focused on avoiding rejection that they rarely consider the cost of self-abandonment. When authenticity is repeatedly sacrificed, people often experience:
Chronic Anxiety
Monitoring and managing how others perceive you requires constant vigilance.
Resentment
When personal needs are consistently ignored, frustration often follows.
Emotional Numbness
Suppressing unwanted emotions frequently suppresses desired emotions as well.
Relationship Dissatisfaction
Relationships cannot become deeply intimate when significant portions of the self remain hidden.
Loss of Identity
Many people eventually wonder:
"Who am I when I'm not trying to please everyone else?"
How to Become More Authentic Without Overwhelming Your Nervous System
Authenticity does not require a dramatic transformation. For many individuals, it develops gradually.
1. Start Small
Practice expressing low-risk preferences.
Examples include:
— Choosing the restaurant
— Declining an invitation
— Asking for what you need
Small moments of authenticity create new experiences of safety.
2. Notice Where You Shape-Shift
Pay attention to situations where you automatically become someone different.
Ask:
— What am I afraid will happen if I am fully myself?
— What am I protecting?
— Whose approval am I seeking?
Awareness often precedes change.
3. Regulate Before Expressing
Authenticity becomes easier when the nervous system feels safe.
Helpful somatic practices include:
— Slow breathing
— Movement
— Self-touch practices such as placing a hand on your heart
Regulation helps reduce fear-based decision-making.
4. Build Relationships That Welcome Authenticity
Healthy relationships allow room for differences. They tolerate disagreement. They support boundaries. They encourage individuality. A relationship that requires you to consistently abandon yourself is not asking for connection. It is asking for compliance.
5. Expect Some Discomfort
Many people assume authenticity should feel immediately empowering. Often it feels vulnerable first. That vulnerability is not evidence you are doing something wrong. It may simply mean you are practicing something unfamiliar.
The Role of Trauma and the Nervous System
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we frequently see authenticity struggles rooted in trauma, attachment wounds, and nervous system dysregulation. Many individuals learned early in life that authenticity carried risks. As a result, their nervous systems became organized around adaptation, approval-seeking, and self-protection.
Through trauma-informed therapy, EMDR, somatic psychology, attachment-focused work, and nervous system regulation, people can begin developing greater capacity for self-expression, emotional honesty, and self-trust. Authenticity becomes less frightening when the nervous system learns that connection and self-expression do not have to be mutually exclusive.
Developing Self-Trust
Authenticity often feels liberating because it allows you to live in alignment with who you truly are. It often feels scary because it risks exposing you to judgment, disappointment, or rejection. Both experiences can exist simultaneously. The goal is not to eliminate fear. The goal is to develop enough self-trust that fear no longer determines your choices.
The question is not whether everyone will like the authentic version of you. The question is whether you are willing to build a life and relationships that allow the real you to exist. That is where genuine connection begins.
Reach out to schedule a complimentary 20-minute consultation with our team of therapists, trauma specialists, somatic practitioners, or relationship experts, and start working towards integrative, embodied healing today.
📞 Call us at (310) 651-8458
📱 Text us at (310) 210-7934
📩 Email us at admin@embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
🔗 Visit us at www.embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
👉 Check us out on Instagram @embodied_wellness_and_recovery
🌍 Explore our offerings at Linktr.ee: https://linktr.ee/laurendummit
References
1) Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.
2) Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion: The proven power of being kind to yourself. William Morrow.
3) Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W.W. Norton & Company.
4) Siegel, D. J. (2020). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
5) Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385-399.
Why Do I Get Sick After Stress Ends? The Neuroscience of Post-Stress Illness, Nervous System Exhaustion, and Immune System Recovery
Why Do I Get Sick After Stress Ends? The Neuroscience of Post-Stress Illness, Nervous System Exhaustion, and Immune System Recovery
Why do you get sick after stress finally ends? Discover the neuroscience behind post-stress illness, nervous system dysregulation, immune function, and the body's response to chronic stress. Learn why colds, flu, fatigue, and inflammation often appear after high-pressure periods and what you can do to support recovery.
Have you ever noticed that you power through weeks or months of intense stress only to get sick the moment things finally calm down?
Perhaps you made it through a major work project, final exams, a wedding, a move, a family crisis, caregiving responsibilities, divorce proceedings, holiday obligations, or a demanding season of parenting.
You held it together. You pushed through. You stayed focused. Then, almost immediately after the pressure lifted, you developed a cold, flu-like symptoms, a migraine, digestive problems, fatigue, body aches, or another illness.
If this pattern sounds familiar, you are not imagining it. Many people experience what researchers sometimes refer to as the "let-down effect," a phenomenon in which physical illness appears shortly after a period of prolonged stress comes to an end. The experience can feel confusing.
Why would the body wait until after the stressful event is over to become sick? Why not during the crisis itself? The answer lies in the remarkable relationship between the nervous system, the immune system, stress hormones, and the brain.
The Body Was Never Designed for Chronic Stress
The human nervous system evolved to help us survive short-term threats. When the brain perceives danger, the sympathetic nervous system activates the body's stress response.
Adrenaline and cortisol are released. Heart rate increases. Blood pressure rises. Attention narrows. Energy is redirected toward immediate survival. This response can be lifesaving when facing an actual threat. The problem is that modern stressors often last weeks, months, or even years.
Instead of escaping a predator, we may be navigating:
— Work deadlines
— Financial stress
— Infertility struggles
— Pregnancy complications
— Chronic illness
— Major life transitions
The nervous system often responds to these stressors as though survival is at stake.
Why You Often Do Not Get Sick During the Crisis
One of the most fascinating aspects of stress physiology is that the body often prioritizes performance over recovery. During periods of prolonged stress, cortisol levels frequently remain elevated.
Cortisol serves several important functions:
— Increases available energy
— Improves short-term focus
— Helps regulate inflammation
— Temporarily suppresses certain immune responses
In many cases, stress hormones help the body maintain functionality despite enormous demands. From a biological perspective, this makes sense. If your brain believes survival is the priority, it is not an ideal time to pause for rest and recovery. Instead, the body mobilizes resources to keep going.
You may feel exhausted, but you continue functioning. You may ignore symptoms. You may postpone rest. You may rely on willpower, caffeine, perfectionism, people-pleasing, or hypervigilance to keep moving forward. Eventually, however, the stressful event ends. And that is when the body often begins collecting its debt.
The "Let-Down Effect" and Post-Stress Illness
Researchers have documented an increased likelihood of illness following periods of intense stress (Salleh, 2008).
Some individuals report becoming sick immediately after:
— Completing a major project
— Returning from a stressful trip
— Finishing exams
— Going on vacation
— Completing a wedding
— Resolving a family crisis
— Finalizing a divorce
— Finishing caregiving responsibilities
During this transition, cortisol levels may decline rapidly. The immune system begins recalibrating. Inflammatory processes that were previously suppressed may become more noticeable. Viruses that were already present may gain an opportunity to emerge.
The result can be:
— Colds
— Influenza
— Respiratory infections
— Migraines
— Digestive distress
— Chronic fatigue
— Autoimmune flare-ups
— Increased pain
— Fibromyalgia symptoms
— Skin flare-ups
Many people mistakenly believe the illness appeared suddenly. In reality, the physiological groundwork may have been building for weeks.
The Neuroscience of Nervous System Exhaustion
Stress is not only psychological. It is neurobiological. The amygdala, often referred to as the brain's threat detection center, becomes increasingly active during periods of chronic stress.
Meanwhile, prolonged cortisol exposure can affect regions such as:
— The hippocampus
— The prefrontal cortex
— The autonomic nervous system
— The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Over time, the nervous system becomes less efficient at shifting between activation and recovery. Instead of smoothly moving between effort and rest, many individuals become stuck in a state of chronic sympathetic arousal.
Common symptoms include:
— Difficulty relaxing
— Sleep disruption
— Anxiety
— Irritability
— Muscle tension
— Digestive issues
When the stressor finally ends, the nervous system may abruptly move toward exhaustion. Many people describe feeling as though they "crash."
Trauma Can Amplify the Cycle
For individuals with unresolved trauma, the relationship between stress and illness can become even more pronounced. Trauma teaches the nervous system to remain alert for danger. Even when external threats are absent, the body may continue operating as though protection is necessary.
This can lead to:
— Chronic sympathetic activation
— Elevated inflammation
— Increased sensitivity to stress
— Greater vulnerability to illness
— Difficulty recovering after demanding experiences
Research suggests that adverse childhood experiences and unresolved trauma are associated with increased risk for numerous physical health conditions, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, and immune dysfunction (Molden, 2021). The body remembers what the mind may no longer consciously recognize.
Why High Achievers Often Experience This Pattern
Many high-functioning individuals become experts at overriding their body's signals. They pride themselves on resilience. They push through fatigue. They ignore discomfort. They stay productive despite emotional distress. From the outside, they appear successful. Internally, however, the nervous system may be operating under significant strain.
Many clients at Embodied Wellness and Recovery describe feeling blindsided when illness arrives after they have finally "made it through" a stressful season. In reality, the illness may represent the body's attempt to reclaim recovery that was postponed.
The Connection Between Stress, Relationships, and Intimacy
Chronic stress not only affects physical health. It also impacts relationships, sexuality, and emotional connection.
When the nervous system remains focused on survival, it often becomes more difficult to access:
— Playfulness
— Curiosity
— Patience
— Compassion
— Presence
Many couples notice increased conflict during prolonged periods of stress. Others experience decreased libido, emotional withdrawal, or communication difficulties. This is not simply a relationship issue. It is often a nervous system issue. The body prioritizes survival before connection.
How to Support Your Nervous System Before the Crash
The goal is not to eliminate stress. The goal is to increase recovery. Research consistently demonstrates that the nervous system requires intentional periods of restoration (Chen, Cohen, & Hallett, 2002).
Helpful practices may include:
Prioritizing Sleep
Sleep remains one of the most powerful tools for immune function and nervous system repair.
Somatic Regulation
Breathwork, yoga, walking, stretching, and body-based therapies help complete stress cycles.
Mindfulness Practices
Mindfulness has been shown to reduce stress reactivity and improve emotional regulation.
Healthy Boundaries
Reducing chronic over commitment decreases cumulative physiological stress.
Trauma-Informed Therapy
EMDR, somatic therapy, and attachment-focused therapy can help resolve patterns that keep the nervous system chronically activated.
The Body Is Not Betraying You
When illness appears after stress ends, many people become frustrated with their bodies. But from a neuroscience perspective, your body is not failing. It is communicating. It is signaling that recovery is needed. It is asking for restoration after sustained effort.
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we help individuals understand the relationship between trauma, chronic stress, nervous system dysregulation, physical health, relationships, sexuality, and emotional well-being. Through EMDR, somatic therapy, attachment-focused treatment, and nervous system-informed care, clients learn how to create greater resilience, flexibility, and recovery capacity in both mind and body.
Sometimes getting sick after stress ends is not evidence of weakness. It may be evidence of a nervous system that has been carrying more than anyone realized.
Reach out to schedule a complimentary 20-minute consultation with our team of therapists, trauma specialists, somatic practitioners, or relationship experts, and start working towards integrative, embodied healing today.
📞 Call us at (310) 651-8458
📱 Text us at (310) 210-7934
📩 Email us at admin@embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
🔗 Visit us at www.embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
👉 Check us out on Instagram @embodied_wellness_and_recovery
🌍 Explore our offerings at Linktr.ee: https://linktr.ee/laurendummit
References
1) Chen, R., Cohen, L. G., & Hallett, M. (2002). Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience, 111(4), 761-773.
2) Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. JAMA, 298(14), 1685-1687.
3) McEwen, B. S. (2004). Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis, allostatic load, and overload. Neuroimmunomodulation, 11(1), 2-4.
4) Molden, E. J. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and their connection to autoimmune disease in adulthood.
The Loneliness Paradox: Why Gen Z Is Dating Less, Having Less Sex, and Feeling More Disconnected Than Ever
The Loneliness Paradox: Why Gen Z Is Dating Less, Having Less Sex, and Feeling More Disconnected Than Ever
Why is Gen Z dating less, having less sex, and reporting higher levels of loneliness than previous generations? Explore the neuroscience of loneliness, social anxiety, dating app fatigue, fear of rejection, attachment wounds, and modern disconnection through a trauma-informed lens.
The Most Connected Generation Is Also the Loneliest
Gen Z has grown up with unprecedented access to connection.
They can:
— Text instantly
— Video chat anywhere
— Maintain hundreds of social media connections
— Access dating appsat any moment
— Connect globally in seconds
Yet despite being the most digitally connected generation in history, Gen Z reports some of the highest levels of:
— Loneliness
— Social anxiety
— Depression
— Social isolation
— Fear of rejection
— Emotional disconnection
Research from the U.S. Surgeon General and other public health organizations has identified loneliness as a growing public health concern affecting mental and physical health across age groups, with young adults reporting particularly high rates of loneliness (Murthy, 2023).
At the same time, studies show younger generations are:
— Dating less
— Having less sex
— Marrying later
— Forming fewer long-term romantic relationships
Why is this happening? And why do so many young adults feel disconnected despite being surrounded by digital connection?
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we help individuals explore how trauma, attachment patterns, nervous system dysregulation, social anxiety, and modern cultural pressures contribute to loneliness and difficulty building meaningful relationships.
Why Are Young Adults Dating Less?
Many young people genuinely want connection. Yet many also report feeling overwhelmed by dating.
Do any of these experiences sound familiar?
— "What if I get rejected?"
— "What if I'm not attractive enough?"
— "What if I embarrass myself?"
— "What if they ghost me?"
— "What if I get hurt?"
— "What if I choose the wrong person?"
— "What if commitment limits my freedom?"
For many young adults, dating has become associated with:
— Anxiety
— Uncertainty
— Vulnerability
— Emotional risk
— Rejection
Rather than feeling excited, dating can feel emotionally exhausting.
The Rise of Social Anxiety and Fear of Rejection
One major factor appears to be increasing rates of social anxiety. Social skills develop through repeated real-world interactions.
Historically, young people learned:
— Flirting
— Reading body language
— Handling rejection
— Navigating awkward conversations
— Building confidence
through in-person social experiences. Today, many interactions occur through screens.
As a result, some young adults have fewer opportunities to practice:
— Social confidence
— Emotional resilience
— Interpersonal communication
The result can be heightened fear surrounding:
— Rejection
— Embarrassment
— Vulnerability
— Intimacy
From a neuroscience perspective, social rejection activates many of the same neural pathways involved in physical pain (Eisenberger et al., 2003). For individuals already struggling with anxiety or low self-esteem, the threat of rejection can feel extraordinarily powerful.
Dating Apps: Connection or Exhaustion?
Dating apps promised to make finding relationships easier. In some ways, they have.
Yet many young adults describe feeling:
— Overwhelmed
— Discouraged
— Emotionally depleted
— Disconnected
Many report experiencing:
— Endless swiping
— Ghosting
— Choice overload
— Comparison fatigue
The paradox is striking. The more options people have, the harder it sometimes becomes to feel satisfied or emotionally invested. Instead of fostering connection, dating apps can sometimes create a sense of constant evaluation and uncertainty. The nervous system was not necessarily designed to process hundreds of potential romantic options while simultaneously managing comparison, rejection, and social performance.
The Impact of Social Media on Loneliness
Social media can create an illusion of connection while simultaneously increasing feelings of isolation.
Many young adults spend hours viewing:
— Friendships
— Vacations
— Milestones
— Engagements
— Social gatherings
through carefully curated online content.
This can create painful internal narratives, such as:
— "Everyone else is connected."
— "Everyone else is dating."
— "Everyone else has friends."
— "Everyone else has their life figured out."
Research has linked excessive social media use with increased loneliness, depression, and anxiety in some populations (Primack et al., 2017). The brain naturally compares. When comparison becomes chronic, self-worth often suffers.
Financial Stress Is Changing Relationships
Economic realities also play a significant role.
Many young adults face:
— Student loan debt
— High housing costs
— Inflation
— Career uncertainty
— Delayed financial independence
Financial stress affects more than bank accounts.
It impacts:
— Dating
— Future planning
— Commitment
Some young adults postpone dating because they do not feel financially secure enough.
Others delay:
— Marriage
— Cohabitation
because financial uncertainty creates chronic stress.
From a nervous system perspective, financial insecurity can activate survival responses that make vulnerability and intimacy feel more difficult.
The Fear of Commitment
Interestingly, many young adults simultaneously desire connection and fear commitment. This contradiction often reflects deeper attachment concerns.
Commitment requires:
— Trust
— Vulnerability
— Emotional risk
— Interdependence
For individuals who experienced:
— Emotional neglect
— Abandonment
— Relational trauma
intimacy can feel both desirable and threatening.
Attachment research suggests that early relational experiences strongly influence adult relationship patterns. Many individuals find themselves longing for closeness while simultaneously fearing what closeness requires.
Loneliness Is More Than Being Alone
Loneliness is not simply the absence of people.
A person can:
— Have friends
— Have followers
— Attend events
— Date casually
and still feel profoundly lonely.
Loneliness often emerges when people lack:
— Authenticity
— Belonging
— Vulnerability
— Meaningful connection
From a neuroscience perspective, humans are biologically wired for connection.
According to Polyvagal Theory, safe relationships help regulate the nervous system through:
— Emotional attunement
— Responsiveness
— Shared experience
(Porges, 2011).
When meaningful connection is absent, the nervous system often experiences increased distress.
Trauma, Attachment, and Disconnection
Many struggles with loneliness are not simply social. They are relational.
Individuals with unresolved trauma may struggle with:
— Trust
— Vulnerability
— Emotional expression
— Intimacy
Some people fear:
— Being rejected
— Being abandoned
— Being judged
— Being hurt
As a result, they may avoid the very relationships they deeply desire.
This creates a painful cycle:
— Loneliness
— Fear
— Avoidance
— Increased isolation
— Deeper loneliness
How Therapy Can Help
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we help individuals understand the connection between:
— Loneliness
— Trauma
— Attachment wounds
— Social anxiety
— Fear of rejection
— Nervous system dysregulation
Treatment may include:
— EMDR
— Nervous system regulation work
As individuals become more regulated and secure, they often experience greater capacity for:
— Connection
— Vulnerability
Rebuilding Connection in a Disconnected World
Meaningful connection often begins with small steps:
— Spending more time in person
— Joining communities
— Practicing vulnerability
— Tolerating discomfort
— Reducing comparison
— Strengthening emotional awareness
The goal is not simply to increase social interaction.
The goal is cultivating relationships that feel:
— Authentic
— Emotionally safe
— Mutually supportive
— Deeply human
Shifting from Blame to Compassion
The decline in dating and sexual activity among young adults is not simply about changing preferences.
It reflects a complex intersection of:
— Loneliness
— Social anxiety
— Technology
— Financial stress
— Fear of rejection
— Nervous system dysregulation
Understanding these factors helps shift the conversation away from blame and toward compassion. The challenge facing many young adults today is not a lack of desire for connection. It is navigating a world that often makes genuine connections more difficult to find, trust, and sustain.
Reach out to schedule a complimentary 20-minute consultation with our team of therapists, trauma specialists, somatic practitioners, or relationship experts, and start working towards integrative, embodied healing today.
📞 Call us at (310) 651-8458
📱 Text us at (310) 210-7934
📩 Email us at admin@embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
🔗 Visit us at www.embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
👉 Check us out on Instagram @embodied_wellness_and_recovery
🌍 Explore our offerings at Linktr.ee: https://linktr.ee/laurendummit
References
1) Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.
2) Murthy, V. H. (2023). Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General's advisory on the healing effects of social connection and community.
3) Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. Norton.
4) Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., Colditz, J. B., Radovic, A., & Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the United States. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8
Anxiety and Emotional Contagion: The Neuroscience of Absorbing Other People’s Stress, Energy, and Nervous System States
Anxiety and Emotional Contagion: The Neuroscience of Absorbing Other People’s Stress, Energy, and Nervous System States
Do you absorb other people’s stress, anxiety, or emotions? Learn the neuroscience behind emotional contagion, empathy, nervous system sensitivity, trauma, and emotional overwhelm, along with trauma-informed strategies for emotional boundaries, regulation, and self-protection.
Why Do Some People Absorb Other People’s Stress So Deeply?
Have you ever walked into a room and immediately felt tension in your body before anyone even spoke? Do you notice yourself becoming anxious around stressed, angry, emotionally dysregulated, or emotionally heavy people?
Have you ever left a conversation feeling emotionally drained, overwhelmed, exhausted, or dysregulated without fully understanding why?
Do you often feel:
— Emotionally flooded by other people’s problems
— Hyperaware of emotional shifts in others
— Responsible for calming or helping people
— Anxious after spending time around conflict or negativity
— Deeply affected by other people’s moods or energy
Many highly empathetic individuals struggle with emotional contagion, a phenomenon in which the nervous system unconsciously absorbs and mirrors others' emotional states.
From a neuroscience and trauma-informed perspective, emotional sensitivity is not simply “being dramatic” or “too emotional.”
It is often connected to:
— Trauma adaptation
— Attachment experiences
— Hypervigilance
— Empathy
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we frequently help individuals understand how anxiety, trauma, attachment wounds, and nervous system sensitivity affect emotional boundaries, relationships, self-regulation, and emotional well-being.
What Is Emotional Contagion?
Emotional contagion refers to the tendency for humans to unconsciously absorb, mirror, or synchronize with others' emotions and nervous system states. Research suggests humans are biologically wired for emotional attunement and interpersonal synchronization (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1993).
This means people often unconsciously pick up on:
— Tone of voice
— Facial expressions
— Emotional intensity
— Pacing
— Tension
— Stress signals
The brain and body continuously scan social environments for cues of:
— Safety
— Danger
— Connection
— Emotional threat
This process happens rapidly and often outside conscious awareness.
The Neuroscience of Absorbing Other People’s Emotions
From a neuroscience perspective, emotional contagion involves several systems related to empathy, attachment, and nervous system regulation.
Mirror Neurons
Research on mirror neurons suggests humans are neurologically wired to internally simulate or mirror the emotional states and behaviors of others (Iacoboni, 2009).
This helps explain why:
— Someone else’s anxiety can make your body tense
— Another person’s panic can increase your heart rate
— Calm, grounded people can feel regulating
— Conflict can feel physically activating
Polyvagal Theory
According to Polyvagal Theory, the nervous system constantly engages in “neuroception,” an unconscious process of detecting cues of safety or danger (Porges, 2011).
Highly sensitive individuals may unconsciously track:
— Subtle emotional shifts
— Tension
— Irritation
— Sadness
— Stress
— Emotional withdrawal
— Conflict energy
The body may respond before the mind fully processes what is happening.
Why Trauma Survivors Often Absorb Stress More Intensely
Individuals with trauma histories are often especially sensitive to emotional environments.
If someone grew up around:
— Unpredictability
— Emotional volatility
— Addiction
— Conflict
— Rage
Their nervous system may have adapted by becoming highly attuned to other people’s emotional states. This adaptation once served a survival function.
For example:
— Noticing subtle emotional shifts may have helped avoid danger
— Anticipating moods may have helped maintain emotional safety
— Monitoring others may have reduced conflict or rejection
Over time, however, this hypervigilance can become exhausting. Many people become so focused on tracking other people’s emotions that they lose connection with their own internal experience.
Signs You May Be Absorbing Other People’s Anxiety
Emotional contagion may show up as:
— Feeling anxious around stressed people
— Difficulty separating your emotions from others.’
— Emotional exhaustion after social interaction
— Overfunctioning
— Hyperresponsibility
— Becoming emotionally flooded during conflict
— Chronic nervous system activation
— Emotional overwhelm in crowds
— Feeling emotionally “heavy” after conversations
— Difficulty emotionally decompressing
Some people describe this as: “I feel everything around me.”
The Difference Between Empathy and Emotional Absorption
Empathy itself is not unhealthy.
Empathy allows humans to:
Morgane Stapleton
— Connect
— Care
— Attune
— Love
— Understand others emotionally
The challenge occurs when empathy becomes emotional overidentification.
Healthy empathy sounds like: “I care about what you are feeling.”
Emotional absorption sounds like: “I am now carrying your emotional state inside my own body.”
Without boundaries and regulation, highly empathetic individuals may become chronically overwhelmed.
Anxiety, Burnout, and Nervous System Exhaustion
When individuals consistently absorb stress from others without adequate emotional regulation, the nervous system may remain in a state of prolonged activation.
This can contribute to:
— Anxiety
— Burnout
— Emotional exhaustion
— Sleep disruption
— Irritability
— Emotional numbness
— Chronic stress
— Difficulty relaxing
— Overwhelm
— Fatigue
Research suggests chronic stress affects cortisol regulation, emotional processing, and nervous system functioning (McEwen, 2007). Many emotionally sensitive people become depleted because their nervous system rarely fully rests.
Why Boundaries Feel Difficult for Highly Sensitive People
Many emotionally attuned individuals struggle with boundaries because they fear:
— Disappointing others
— Seeming selfish
— Conflict
— Rejection
— Hurting people emotionally
Trauma and attachment wounds can intensify this pattern.
Some individuals learned early in life that:
— Other people’s emotions were their responsibility
— Emotional caretaking created safety
— Self-abandonment maintained connection
— Hyperawareness prevented conflict
As adults, they may unconsciously continue prioritizing other people’s emotional states over their own regulation and well-being.
How to Protect Your Nervous System Without Losing Compassion
Healing emotional contagion does not mean becoming emotionally cold or disconnected. It means learning how to remain compassionate without chronically absorbing emotional overwhelm.
Increase Self Awareness
Begin noticing:
— What emotions actually belong to me?
— What happens in my body around emotionally intense people?
— When do I lose connection with myself?
Strengthen Nervous System Regulation
Practices that support regulation may include:
— Mindfulness
— Movement
— Breathwork
— Sleep support
— Reducing overstimulation
— Nervous system calming practices
Learn Emotional Boundaries
Healthy boundaries may involve:
— Limiting emotional overexposure
— Stepping away from chronically dysregulated environments
— Reducing people pleasing
— Recognizing that empathy does not require self-abandonment
Reconnect With Your Own Internal Experience
Highly empathetic individuals often become externally focused.
Healing involves strengthening awareness of:
— Your own feelings
— Your own needs
— Your own body
— Your own nervous system signals
How Therapy Can Help
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we help individuals explore the relationship between:
— Trauma
— Anxiety
— Emotional sensitivity
— Attachment wounds
— Nervous system dysregulation
— Empathy
— Emotional overwhelm
Treatment may include:
— EMDR
— Mindfulness-based interventions
As individuals become more regulated internally, many report:
— Reduced anxiety
— Improved emotional boundaries
— Less emotional exhaustion
— Greater clarity
— Increased self-trust
— Stronger sense of self
— Healthier relationships
Attunement vs. Chronic Emotional Absorption
Emotional sensitivity is not weakness. The ability to deeply attune to others can be a profound strength. But when empathy becomes chronic emotional absorption, the nervous system may become overwhelmed, anxious, and emotionally depleted. Understanding emotional contagion through a neuroscience and trauma-informed lens can help individuals approach themselves with greater compassion rather than shame.
Sometimes the goal is not to become less caring. Sometimes the goal is learning how to stay connected to yourself while caring for others.
Reach out to schedule a complimentary 20-minute consultation with our team of therapists, trauma specialists, somatic practitioners, or relationship experts, and start working towards integrative, embodied healing today.
📞 Call us at (310) 651-8458
📱 Text us at (310) 210-7934
📩 Email us at admin@embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
🔗 Visit us at www.embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
👉 Check us out on Instagram @embodied_wellness_and_recovery
🌍 Explore our offerings at Linktr.ee: https://linktr.ee/laurendummit
References
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96-100.
Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring people: The science of empathy and how we connect with others. Picador.
McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87(3), 873-904.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self regulation. Norton.
Bombarded by Bad News? How Violent Media Affects Your Brain and What You Can Do About It
Bombarded by Bad News? How Violent Media Affects Your Brain and What You Can Do About It
Violent news coverage and social media content can take a serious toll on your mental health. Learn how media violence affects the brain, why emotional dysregulation occurs, and how Embodied Wellness and Recovery helps individuals heal from trauma and anxiety with neuroscience-informed care.
When the World Feels Unsafe: The Mental Health Toll of Violent News and Social Media Exposure
Have you ever felt sick to your stomach after scrolling through your feed? Found yourself anxious, angry, or emotionally numb after watching yet another breaking news story about mass violence or global conflict?
You're not alone.
In a digital age where headlines shout trauma and our screens constantly refresh with graphic images, many people find themselves overwhelmed, emotionally dysregulated, or trapped in a persistent state of fear. But what is all this exposure to violence actually doing to our brains and bodies?
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we understand how trauma doesn’t just come from what happens directly to us—it can also come from what we witness, especially when it's repeated and unprocessed. This article explores the neuroscience behind media-induced trauma, how violent content affects mental health, and how to find hope, regulation, and healing in a chaotic world.
The Hidden Cost of Consuming Violent Media
From mass shootings to natural disasters to wars livestreamed in real-time, media exposure today is unlike anything previous generations faced. While staying informed is essential, the 24/7 news cycle and social media algorithms are not designed to support our emotional well-being but to keep us watching.
The brain responds to violent imagery—whether witnessed in person or through a screen—by activating the same neural pathways associated with direct trauma (Porges, 2011). This means even passive exposure can dysregulate your nervous system, trigger your fight-flight-freeze response, and lead to symptoms of:
– Anxiety or panic
– Depression
– Hypervigilance
– Irritability or emotional numbness
– Sleep disturbances
– Difficulty concentrating
– Increased relational tension or withdrawal
Why Does Watching the News Feel So Overwhelming?
Because your nervous system wasn’t built for this.
From a neuroscience perspective, the amygdala, the part of the brain responsible for detecting threats, cannot always distinguish between real-time danger and a reported danger—especially when the imagery is graphic or repeated (LeDoux, 1996). Each time you see a violent video or hear a disturbing report, your brain and body react as if the threat is near.
You may feel emotionally hijacked, exhausted, or like you're “on edge” all the time. This is not a weakness—it’s biology.
In fact, prolonged exposure to media violence can contribute to vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue, especially in individuals who are highly empathic, have a trauma history, or work in helping professions (Figley, 1995).
Are You Asking Yourself…
– Why can’t I handle watching the news anymore?
– Why do I feel so anxious after being online?
- Why am I more reactive with my partner or kids after scrolling through social media?
– Why do I feel hopeless or disconnected even though nothing “bad” is happening in my life?
These are valid, important questions. If the emotional weight of violent media is affecting your mental health, you're not weak or overly sensitive. You’re responding to chronic activation of your stress response—and you deserve support and regulation.
Hope, Healing, and the Path to Resilience
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we believe that resilience is not about “toughening up” or ignoring what's happening in the world. It’s about creating internal safety in the midst of external chaos.
Using neuroscience-backed approaches like somatic therapy, EMDR, Polyvagal Theory, and mindfulness-based interventions, we help clients:
– Calm an overactive nervous system
– Reprocess vicarious trauma
– Rebuild emotional regulation
– Reconnect with their bodies and inner safety
– Develop mindful media boundaries
– Strengthen relationships and intimacy, even during hard times
What You Can Do Today: Small Steps Toward Mental Resilience
Here are a few gentle practices to support your nervous system and reduce media-induced emotional dysregulation:
1. Create a News Ritual
Instead of checking updates randomly throughout the day, set specific times to read or watch the news. Choose trustworthy sources that present information without sensationalism.
2. Notice the Impact
After consuming violent content, pause. Ask: How am I feeling? What do I need? Bring awareness to your breath, body, and emotional state. This is the beginning of self-regulation.
3. Use the 3-3-3 Technique
To come back to the present moment:
– Name 3 things you can see
– Name 3 things you can hear
– Move 3 parts of your body
This helps interrupt the brain’s stress response and grounds you in safety.
4. Somatic Therapy
A trauma-informed, body-centered approach that helps individuals regulate emotional overwhelm caused by repeated exposure to violent news and distressing media. When the brain perceives a threat—whether real or witnessed through a screen—it triggers the same stress response, flooding the nervous system with anxiety, fear, and helplessness. Somatic therapy helps calm this chronic activation by guiding clients to gently reconnect with their bodies, release stored tension, and restore a sense of internal safety. At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, our somatic therapists support clients in processing the emotional impact of media violence, reducing anxiety, and building resilience—so they can feel grounded and empowered in an increasingly chaotic world.
5. Curate Your Feed
Mute or unfollow accounts that spike anxiety or push graphic imagery without context. Follow accounts that share beauty, healing, inspiration, or grounded news commentary.
6. Talk About It
Name what you’re feeling with someone you trust. Isolation amplifies emotional overwhelm. Connection helps metabolize it.
Why This Matters for Intimacy and Relationships
When our nervous systems are dysregulated, it doesn’t just affect our individual well-being—it ripples into how we relate to others. You might notice more conflict, avoidance, or detachment in your relationships. Or perhaps you find yourself needing more reassurance but feel ashamed to ask.
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we support couples and individuals in navigating the emotional fallout of collective trauma—including the way violent media can disrupt intimacy, trust, and co-regulation. You don’t have to navigate this alone.
When to Reach Out for Help
If you notice symptoms like chronic anxiety, emotional numbness, irritability, or hopelessness after exposure to violent media—or if these symptoms are impacting your relationships, work, or self-esteem—it's time to seek support.
Our trauma-informed therapists and somatic practitioners are here to help you reclaim your inner calm, strengthen your emotional resilience, and reconnect with your sense of agency and peace.
You Deserve to Feel Safe in Your Body Again
The world may feel chaotic, but healing is possible. With the right tools and support, you can regulate your nervous system, protect your peace, and engage with the world from a grounded, empowered place.
At Embodied Wellness and Recovery, we offer personalized therapy, intensives, and somatic healing experiences to help you navigate these modern stressors with grace and resilience.
Let’s Take the Next Step Together
Ready to explore how media exposure is affecting your mental health—and how to restore regulation and connection?
Contact us today to schedule a free 20-minute consultation with our team of top-rated therapists and trauma specialists to learn more about our trauma-informed therapy services in Los Angeles and Nashville.
📞 Call us at (310) 651-8458
📱 Text us at (310) 210-7934
📩 Email us at admin@embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
🔗 Visit us at www.embodiedwellnessandrecovery.com
👉 Check us out on Instagram @embodied_wellness_and_recovery
🌍 Explore our offerings at Linktr.ee: https://linktr.ee/laurendummit
References
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. Brunner/Mazel.
LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon and Schuster.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.